THREE APPROACHES OF WORD MEANING OF THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES TRANSLATION Km . Tri Sutrisna Agustia

Figurative language is widely used in any form of communication particularly in daily communication such as articles in newspaper, advertisements, novels, poems and so forth. However, this study is limited to the analysis of the figurative languages with reference to the translation of the novel The Other Side Of Me into Sisi Lain Diriku. This study is aimed at finding out the type of the Figurative Languages that found in the novel and finding the equivalence if the text meaning based on 3 Word-Meaning Approaches theory combined with Knowledge Based Theory. The analysis was presented in the forms of words and sentences. The result of this study showed that there are 4 types of Figurative Languages. And there also shown the relation between 3 meaning approaches and knowledge based theory. Abstrak: Bahasa figurative banyak digunakan di berbagai bentuk komunikasi terutama komunikasi sehari-hari dalam bentuk artikel di koran, iklan, novel, puisi, dll. Namun demikian, Penelitian ini dibatasi pada analisis bahasa figurative yang berhubungan dengan terjemahan novel The Other Side Of Me into Sisi Lain Diriku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk jenis-jenis bahasa figurative yang ditemukan di dalam novel dan menemukan persamaan apabila makna teks tersebut dihubungkan dengan teori pendekatan 3 makna kata dengan teori pengetahuan. Analisa disajikan dalam bentuk kata dan kalimat. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat hubungan teori pendekatan 3 makna kata dengan teori pengetahuan. Kata Kunci: figurative language, word-meaning approaches, knowledge based theory, meaning BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.


BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1.1 INTRODUCTION
The rule of a translator is very important because he has to understand the source language which he wants to translate so that he can translate it properly to the target language.He must realize that people who only understand the target language can absorb what the writer of the source language wants to express.In addition to that, the role of the translator should be clear enough in introducing a certain culture or civilization to his readers.Therefore, he has to understand the culture of the people who use the source language so that he can translate it to the target language properly.All the aspect has one important point.
The most important thing in translation is meaning.
In his book, Bell (1991) state that meaning is the kingpin of translation studies.Without understanding what the text to be translated means for the L2 users the translator would be hopelessly lost.Form that statement we able to see how the meaning of the text is really important in gathering the essential meaning of the word or message.When one text is translated wrongly there will be in-equivalency between the Source Language meaning and the Target Language meaning.In the end, the message that should be conveyed from Source Language to Target Language will be missing.That's why when we do translate any text; we should obey to the rules of translation.Attention to the meaning, culture value, equivalency and accuracy.
One of the basic requirements to be a good translator is the understanding of figurative language is absolutely essential.This paper will explore the basic types of figurative language and its meaning based on Roger T. Bell meaning approaches.In this paper, the figurative language identified based on its type.In general is not too difficult once you have a good definition in mind, but for many students, its function remains puzzling even after they know what it is.Furthermore, the analysis will be continued with 3 meaning approaches and combined with knowledge theory to gathering the deep understanding about figurative languages and its equivalence meaning.

PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY
Based on the background, there are two problems arise in this paper.They are: a.What is the type of the Figurative Languages found in the novel?b.What does the equivalence of the conceptual meaning of Figurative Languages found in the novel?

CONCEPT AND THEORETICAL FRAME-WORK 1.1 Term of Translation
The experts in translation, such as Catford, Bell, Larson, and Venuti have proposed various definitions on translation.Larson (1998:3), for example, states that translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language.This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure.It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant; only the form changes.The form from which the translation is made will be called the Source Language and the form into which it is to be changed will be called the Receptor Language.Translation, then, consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine the meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the receptor language and its cultural context.Venuti (1995:17-19) states that translation is a process by which the chain of signifiers that constitutes the source language text is replaced by a chain of signifiers in the target language which the translator provides on the strength of an interpretation.He further states that the aim of translation is to bring back another culture as the same, the recognizable, even the familiar; and this aim always risks a wholesale domestication of the foreign text, often in highly self-conscious projects, where translation serves an appropriation of foreign cultures for domestic agendas, cultural, economic, political.Translation can be considered the communication of a foreign text, but it is always a communication limited by its address to a specific reading audience.

Term of Figurative Language
Figurative language is language which doesn't mean what it says' -in contrast to literal language which is at least intended to be, or taken as, purely denotative (Hawkes 1972, 1).Figurative language divided into four types such as Simile (a comparison of two unlike things in which a word of comparison), Metaphor (a comparison of two unlike things in which no word of comparison), Personification (a special kind of metaphor in which human qualities or attributes are given to an inanimate object) and Hyperbole (an overstatement or exaggeration).

Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework will be divided into two parts.First will described the type of figurative language and the second one will described three word-meaning approaches combined with knowledge based theory.The types of the figurative refer to Hawkes (1972) to analyze the first problem and the second problem refers to the approaches by Roger T. Bell (1991) and knowledge based theory by Soenjono Dardjowidjojo (2003).

Types of Figurative Language
Based on Hawkes (1972) figurative language divided into four types such as: a. Metaphor: a comparison of two unlike things in which no word of comparison.The example for this figurative language as follow: "If growing up is painful for the Southern Black girl, being aware of her displacement is the rust on the razor that threatens the throat."b.Personification: a special kind of metaphor in which human qualities or attributes are given to an inanimate object.The example as follow: "When he finished more triumphant stories rain bowed around the room riding the shoulders of laughter."c.Hyperbole: an overstatement or exaggeration.The example as follow: "And if you can count the watermelon's seeds, before its cut open, you can win five zillion dollars and a new car."d.Simile: a comparison of two unlike things in which a word of comparison.For example such as: "Grandmother came with fruit and my uncles clumped around and around my bed, snorting like wild horses."

Three Word-Meaning Approaches
There 3 approaches in describing meaning by Bell (1991).There are Reference Theory, Componential Analysis and Meaning Postulates.Each approach has its own description and understanding as follow: a. Reference Theory is a theory which would express the relationship between word and entity in some term.The reference theory is conducted by breaking the elements of a sentence/clause into the smallest unit.Each unit is then analyzed to find the answer concerning to the relationship between the word used to define or refer a phenomena.Following the linguistic sign concept of Ferdinand de Saussure, reference theory consists of three aspects: the concept, the acoustic image and the object of the reference.Concept refers to the concept of the word (symbolized by using capital letter).Acoustic image refers to the phonemic transcription describing the way a word pronounced.The object refers to the image of the word or the physical object describing the word.However, in this study, the object reference will be explained in a description instead of a picture to provide clearer understanding toward the concept of the word.b.Componential Analysis is a theory based on the presumption that the meaning of a word is composed of semantic components.So the essential features that form the meaning are elementary units on semantic level.By componential analysis, it is possible to state the smallest indivisible units of lexis or minimal components.Bell (1991) proposed another theory of meaning analysis, namely componential analysis.This theory relies on the surface semantic features of a word, marked by (+) if the feature appears, (-) if the feature is absent or (±) if the feature could appears or be absent.Defining the features of a word is an endless attempt.Therefore, in this study, the abbreviation "etc" is put in every end of the list of a word's semantic feature.The list features will be ended when it is necessary.c.Meaning Postulates is a theory that relate meaning to meaning trough the conventions of set theory.Meaning postulates theory is based on the exclusion and the inclusion of two or more concepts.Therefore, the relationship between those concepts can be divided into three: synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.In the synonymy, the concepts shares several similar features while still possesses differences in some parts.In the hyponymy, one concept is included in another one.In the antonymy, both concepts are totally different and in contrast between one to another

Knowledge Based Theory
This theory proposed by Soenjono Dardjowidjojo (2003) state that there are four aspects that used to determine a word.They are Semantic Aspect, Syntactic Aspect, Phonologic Aspect and Pragmatic Aspect.Words meaning is a part of our knowledge regarding to a word.Knowledge Based Theory based on the psychological essentialism and psychological contextualizes.Psychological essentialism and Psychological contextualizes is a wider features theory.From this theory, the readers understand the relation between concept and how that concept organized.
From this statement, this theory leads us to the word explanation based on the reader or target language experiences.There are a lot of different experiences from the different readers.The relation with the 3 Word-Meaning Approaches is the sameness in found the essential meaning of the word.But Knowledge Based Theory will limit the semantic features to get the essential meaning of the word.

THREE APPROACHES OF WORD MEANING OF THE FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES TRANSLATION
This study analyzed the meaning of the words/elements contained in Figurative Language in an English source language (SL) novel entitled "The Other Side Of Me" written by Sidney Sheldon, novel is translated into Indonesian target language (TL) entitled "Sisi Lain Diriku".By using the three theories of meaning proposed by Bell combined with knowledge based theory, this study is aimed to define the equivalency of the translation result of the novel and Hawkes theory used to find out the type of Figurative Language.

The Analysis of the Meaning by Reference
Theory Combined with Knowledge Based Theory The reference theory, according to Bell (1991), is conducted by breaking the elements of a sentence/clause into the smallest unit.Each unit is then analyzed to find the answer concerning to the relationship between the word used to define or refer a phenomena.In the example 1, both are true in the meaning aspect, whereas both are different in the way the SL translated into TL.The type of the Figurative Language in the example 1 is Metaphor.Metaphor is a word or phrase denoting one kind of object or idea used in place of another to suggest a likeness between them.This data is denoting an idea of anthill which is used in place of a woman's hairstyle.There is a likeness between the anthill, as the image, and the woman's hair style, as the topic, which is discussed as below details.
-Topic: the old witch's hair -Image: the anthill hair Point of similarity: the meaning of anthill as the image in this case should be discovered first to find out the likeness between topic and image of this metaphor.According to Cambridge dictionary, anthill is a pile of earth, leaves, etc created by ants when they are making their nests underground.The meaning found in Encarta dictionary is almost same that anthill is a mound of earth formed by ants during the construction of their nest.The anthill hair mentioned on the source text obviously does not mean the hair made up by ants by collecting earth or leaves and then put them on the head of the old witch.It just a metaphor that the hair style of the old witch is like a pile of earth created by ants to build their nest.The resemblance between them could be understood by the readers trough their imagination.
Based on Knowledge Based Theory, the main concepts to be focused are the concept of anthill hair and rambut sarang semut.Both the concepts of anthill hair in English SL and Indonesian TL refer to a mess women hair style.The expression basset hounds eyes is a Figurative Expression.The type of the Figurative Language is Metaphor because there are two things being compared in this context that is the Branco as the topic which is implicitly mentioned and basset hounds eyes as the image.Below is the discussion referring the resemblance between the topic and the image.
-Topic: Branco's eyes -Image: basset hounds eyes Point of similarity: Basset hound is a type of dog with smooth hair, a long body, short legs and long ears (Cambridge dictionary).From the Encarta Dictionary found the same meaning of Basset hound as short-legged dog: a dog with short legs, long ears, and a shorthaired, white, black, and tan coat, belonging to a breed originally developed for hunting.Branco's eyes were compared with the eyes of a basset hound and it's described clearly by adding a word droopy to inform that his eyes are drooped or look sleepy like a basset hounds eyes.
Based on Knowledge Based Theory, Based on Knowledge Based Theory, the main concepts to be focused are the concept of basset hounds eyes and dengan matanya yang redup seperti mata anjing Basset.Both the concepts of English SL and Indonesian TL refer to a specific man's eyes shape.Bell (1991) proposed another theory of meaning analysis, named Componential Analysis.This theory relies on the surface semantic features of a word, marked by (+) if the feature appears, (-) if the feature is absent or (±) if the feature could appears or be absent.Defining the features of a word is an endless attempt.The list features will be ended when it is necessary.[ + ]

The Analysis of the Meaning by Componential Analysis Combined with Knowledge Based Theory
In the example 1, the word hell and berantakan have the same features such as: has a mess condition, bad meaning, unwanted.Meanwhile, the differences, hell consist of features place because it refers to a place or Noun and berantakan is an Adjective and do no consist of place feature.Related to the sentence, hell and berantakan are equivalent to be used in the translation of the sentence, because it is a metaphor and used to describe the condition of something.
Based on the knowledge based theory, the concepts of hell and berantakan refer to the same object or condition.They refer to a mess condition which is unwanted by everyone.It is compared metaphorically like a place that everyone does not want to go.In the example 2, the Componential Analysis table as below: From the table, word decoy and umpan has some same features such as device, human, animal and lead to a trap.Related to the sentence, decoy and umpan are equivalent to be used in the translation of the sentence, because it is a personification and used to describe a thing that used by someone to do something.
Based on Knowledge Based Theory, the concept of decoy and umpan refer to thing or a person that is used to trick somebody into doing what you want them to do or going where you want them to go.

The Analysis of the Meaning by Meaning
Postulate Combined with Knowledge Based Theory Meaning postulates theory, according to Bell (1991) is based on the exclusion and the inclusion of two or more concepts.Therefore, the relationship between those concepts can be divided into three: synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.In the synonymy, the concepts shares several similar features while still possesses differences in some parts.In the hyponymy, one concept is included in another one.In the antonymy, both concepts are totally different and in contrast between one to another.The use of concept lion and singa as the equivalent meaning in the two sentences is considered as synonymy since they possess a similarity in their concepts.Both are Noun and define as large powerful animal of the cat family that hunts in groups and lives in parts of Africa and southern Asia.Lions have yellowishbrown fur and the male has a long thick hair round its neck.

Synonymy
By using knowledge based theory, the concept of lion refers to a large carnivorous feline mammal.The concept of singa in Indonesian is slightly same, it is a big wild animal which has a long feather on its neck.The relation shown as below diagram: The diagram states that the sameness between lion and singa is mammals that have a long feather on its neck and from the same family of cat.The use of word fisherman and nelayan the equivalent meaning in the two sentences is considered as synonymy since they possess a similarity in their concepts.Both are Noun and define as someone whose occupation is catching fish.
By using knowledge based theory, the concept of fisherman refers to a person who catches fish, either as a job or as a sport.The concept of nelayan in Indonesian is slightly same; it is men that have a job to catch fish at the river or at the sea.The relation shown as below diagram: The diagram state that the sameness between fisherman and nelayan is a man how has a job to catch fish.This term also described that a sort activity which done almost on the water and also riding a boat or a small ship.In the example 1, the relation between flower and mawar is hyponymy.From the example show that mawar is subordinate of the flower.The concept of flower is more general than the concept of the mawar.

Hyponymy
According to knowledge based theory, the concept of flower refers to a plant that with a stem and usually used for decoration.The concept of mawar refer to a sweet smelling flower that grow on the bush and usually has a thorn on its stem.The relation shown as below diagram: The diagram state that mawar is part of flower.It has more specific meaning and function.In the example 1, there is an antonymy relation between into and keluar.The concept of into refer to come into a particular area, meanwhile keluar refer to away from the inside of a place.The translator use free translation that make there is antonymy relation found in the data.

Antonymy
Based on knowledge based theory described that the concept of into and keluar has the same function to express the meaning of move from one particular place to another place.Basically they are different in meaning but they are same in function.The relation shown as below diagram: The diagram state that word into has different meaning with keluar.

CONCLUSION
From the data analysis, there are three conclusion arise from the analysis and answer the problems.The conclusion as follow: a.As stated in the previous chapter, this study was conducted in order to find out types of figurative language contained in "The Other Side Of Me" written by Sidney Sheldon.From 54 figurative languages, the researcher found 4 types of figurative language in the novel.These figurative languages are metaphor, personification, hyperbole, and simile.The classification of the figurative languages and the frequency of the figurative languages found in the novel are shown in the following

table : No Type of figurative language Frequency Percentage
From the analysis found that the translation of the Figurative Language from the Source Language into Target Language has been equivalence and appropriate.Knowledge Based Theory has been support the Word-Meaning 3 Approaches in analyzing the data and gives a brief explanation about the essential meaning of the Figurative Language.The 3 approaches that use in this research are Reference Theory, Componential Analysis and Meaning Postulate.